GIAC GSNA GIAC Systems and Network Auditor Exam Practice Test

A multidimensional database (MDB) is a type of database that is optimized for data warehouse and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) applications. Multidimensional databases are frequently created using input from existing relational databases. Whereas a relational database is typically accessed using a Structured Query Language (SQL) query, a multidimensional database allows a user to ask questions like "How many Aptivas have been sold in Nebraska so far this year?" and similar questions related to summarizing business operations and trends. An OLAP application that accesses data from a multidimensional database is known as a MOLAP (multidimensional OLAP) application. Answer: C is incorrect. A multidimensional database is frequently created using input from existing relational databases.

NSLOOKUP is a tool for diagnosing and troubleshooting Domain Name System (DNS) problems. It performs its function by sending queries to the DNS server and obtaining detailed responses at the command prompt. This information can be useful for diagnosing and resolving name resolution issues, verifying whether or not the resource records are added or updated correctly in a zone, and debugging other server-related problems. This tool is installed along with the TCP/IP protocol through the Control Panel. Answer: A is incorrect. The ping command-line utility is used to test connectivity with a host on a TCP/IP-based network. This is achieved by sending out a series of packets to a specified destination host. On receiving the packets, the destination host responds with a series of replies. These replies can be used to determine whether or not the network is working properly. Answer: B is incorrect. IPCONFIG is a command-line utility used to display current TCP/IP network configuration values and update or release the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allocated leases. It is also used to display, register, or flush Domain Name System (DNS) names. Answer: C is incorrect. TRACERT is a route-tracing Windows utility that displays the path an IP packet takes to reach the destination. It shows the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) and the IP address of each gateway along the route to the remote host.

The sync command is used to flush filesystem buffers. It ensures that all disk writes have been completed before the processor is halted or rebooted. Generally, it is preferable to use reboot or halt to shut down a system, as they may perform additional actions such as resynchronizing the hardware clock and flushing internal caches before performing a final sync. Answer: B is incorrect. In Unix, the tune2fs command is used to adjust tunable filesystem parameters on the second extended filesystems. Answer: A is incorrect. In Unix, the swapon command is used to activate a swap partition. Answer: C is incorrect. In Unix, the swapoff command is used to de-activate a swap partition.

A screened host provides added security by using Internet access to deny or permit certain traffic from the Bastion Host. Answer: D is incorrect. A network interface card provides a physical connection between computers within a network.

Answer: B is incorrect. Demilitarized zone (DMZ) or perimeter network is a small network that lies in between the Internet and a private network. It is the boundary between the Internet and an internal network, usually a combination of firewalls and bastion hosts that are gateways between inside networks and outside networks. DMZ provides a large enterprise network or corporate network the ability to use the Internet while still maintaining its security. Answer: A is incorrect. A proxy server facilitates a more efficient use of the Internet connection bandwidth and hides the real IP addresses of computers located behind the proxy.

Default shares should be disabled, unless they are absolutely needed. They pose a significant security risk by providing a way for an intruder to enter your machine. Answer: A is incorrect. Whether this is a domain server, a DHCP server, a file server, or database server does not change the issue with shared drives/folders. Answer: C is incorrect. They cannot be hidden. Shared folders are, by definition, not hidden but rather available to users on the network. Answer: D is incorrect. These are not necessary for Windows Server operations.

According to the question, the output displays that the interface is administratively down. Administratively down means that the interface is shut down. In order to up the interface, you will have to open the interface with the no shutdown command. Answer: A is incorrect. Had there been a physical problem with the interface, the output would not have displayed "administratively down". Instead, the output would be as follows: serial0 is down, line protocol is down Answer: B is incorrect. You cannot run this command on a router that is powered off. Answer: C is incorrect. Encapsulation has nothing to do with the output displayed in the question.

According to the scenario, John will use "nmap -v -O 208.100.2.25" to detect the operating system of the we-are-secure server. Here, -v is used for verbose and -O is used for TCP/IP fingerprinting to guess the remote operating system. John may also use the DNS name of we-are-secure instead of using the IP address of the we-are-secure server. So, he can also use the nmap command "nmap -v -O ". Answer: C is incorrect. "nc -v -n 208.100.2.25 80" is a Netcat command, which is used to banner grab for getting information about the

HTTP 1.1 allows the use of multiple virtual servers, all using different DNS names resolved by the same IP address. The WWW service supports a concept called virtual server. A virtual server can be used to host multiple domain names on the same physical Web server. Using virtual servers, multiple FTP sites and Web sites can be hosted on a single computer. It means that there is no need to allocate different computers and software packages for each site. Answer: D is incorrect. VPN stands for virtual private network. It allows users to use the Internet as a secure pipeline to their corporate local area networks (LANs). Remote users can dial-in to any local Internet Service Provider (ISP) and initiate a VPN session to connect to their corporate LAN over the Internet. Companies using VPNs significantly reduce long-distance dial-up charges. VPNs also provide remote employees with an inexpensive way of remaining connected to their company's LAN for extended periods.

Answer: B is incorrect. Java is an object oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. It allows the creation of platform independent executables. Java source code files are compiled into a format known as bytecode (files with .class extension). Java supports programming for the Internet in the form of Java applets. Java applets can be executed on a computer having a Java interpreter and a run-time environment known as Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) are available for most operating systems, including UNIX, Macintosh OS, and Windows. Answer: C is incorrect. HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a set of markup symbols or codes used to create Web pages and define formatting specifications. The markup tells the Web browser how to display the content of the Web page.

A proxy server exists between a client's Web-browsing program and a real Internet server. The purpose of the proxy server is to enhance the performance of user requests and filter requests. A proxy server has a database called cache where the most frequently accessed Web pages are stored. The next time such pages are requested, the proxy server is able to suffice the request locally, thereby greatly reducing the access time. Only when a proxy server is unable to fulfill a request locally does it forward the request to a real Internet server. The proxy server can also be used for filtering user requests. This may be done in order to prevent the users from visiting non-genuine sites. Answer: D is incorrect. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a suite of standard protocols that govern how data passes between networks. It can be used to provide communication between the basic operating systems on local and wide-area networks (WANs). TCP/IP is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). It is considered the primary protocol of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Answer: B is incorrect. IP packet filters allow or block packets from passing through specified ports. They can filter packets based on service type, port number, source computer name, or destination computer name. When packet filtering is enabled, all packets on the external interface are dropped unless they are explicitly allowed, either statically by IP packet filters or dynamically by access policy or publishing rules. Answer: C is incorrect. A router is a device that routes data packets between computers in different networks. It is used to connect multiple networks, and it determines the path to be taken by each data packet to its destination computer. A router maintains a routing table of the available routes and their conditions. By using this information, along with distance and cost algorithms, the router determines the best path to be taken by the data packets to the destination computer. A router can connect dissimilar networks, such as Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring, and route data packets among them. Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

There are a number of errors one could find in a Windows Server 2003 DNS log. They are as follows: The DNS server could not create a Transmission Control Protocol. The DNS server could not open socket for address. The DNS server could not initialize the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) service. The DNS server could not bind the main datagram socket. The DNS Server service relies on Active Directory to store and retrieve information for Active Directory-integrated zones. And several active directory errors are possible.

Answer: B is incorrect. DNS Servers do not create FTP connections. Answer: A is incorrect. DNS Servers do not create SMTP connections.

CAATs (Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques) are used to test application controls as well as perform substantive tests on sample items. Following are the types of CAATs: Generalized Audit Software (GAS): It allows the auditor to perform tests on computer files and databases. Custom Audit Software (CAS): It is generally written by auditors for specific audit tasks. CAS is necessary when the organization's computer system is not compatible with the auditor's GAS or when the auditor wants to conduct some testing that may not be possible with the GAS. Test Data: The auditor uses test data for testing the application controls in the client's computer programs. The auditor includes simulated valid and invalid test data, used to test the accuracy of the computer system's operations. This technique can be used to check data validation controls and error detection routines, processing logic controls, and arithmetic calculations, to name a few. Parallel Simulation: The auditor must construct a computer simulation that mimics the client's production programs. Integrated Test Facility: The auditor enters test data along with actual data in a normal application run.

Pervasive IS controls are a subset of general controls that contains some extra definitions focusing on the management of monitoring a specific technology. A pervasive order or control determines the direction and behavior required for technology to function properly. The pervasive control permeates the area by using a greater depth of control integration over a wide area of influence. Answer: B is incorrect. General controls are the parent class of controls that governs all areas of a business. An example of general controls includes the separation duties that prevent employees from writing their own paychecks and creating accurate job descriptions. General controls define the structure of an organization, establish HR policies, monitor workers and the work environment, as well as support budgeting, auditing, and reporting. Answer: A is incorrect. Detailed IS controls are controls used for manipulating the on-going tasks in an organization. Some of the specific tasks require additional detailed controls to ensure that the workers perform their job correctly. These controls refer to some specific tasks or steps to be performed such as: The way system security parameters are set. How input data is verified before being accepted into an application. How to lock a user account after unsuccessful logon attempts. How the department handles acquisitions, security, delivery, implementation, and support of IS services. Answer: C is incorrect. Application controls are embedded in programs. It constitutes the lowest subset in the control family. An activity should be filtered through the general controls, then the pervasive controls and detailed controls, before reaching the application controls level. Controls in the higher level category help in protecting the integrity of the applications and their data. The management is responsible to get applications tested prior to production through a recognized test method. The goal of this test is to provide a technical certificate that each system meets the requirement.

The auditor should be adequately educated about the company and its critical business activities before conducting a data center review. The objective of the data center is to align data center activities with the goals of the business while maintaining the security and integrity of critical information and processes. To adequately determine if whether or not the client's goal is being achieved, the auditor should perform the following before conducting the review: Meet with IT management to determine possible areas of concern. Review the current IT organization chart. Review job descriptions of data center employees. Research all operating systems, software applications, and data center equipment operating within the data center. Review the company's IT policies and procedures. Evaluate the company's IT budget and systems planning documentation. Review the data center's disaster recovery plan. Answer: A is incorrect. An auditor should review the current organization chart. Reviewing the future organization chart would not help in finding the current threats to the organization.

WLAN discovery software such as NetStumbler, Kismet, or MacStumbler can be used to detect rogue access points if the victim is using IEEE 802 frequency bands. However, if the victim is using non-IEEE 802.11 frequency bands or unpopular modulations, these tools might not detect rogue access. NetStumbler, kismet, or MacStumbler also gives the authorization status of an access point. A Rogue access point (AP) is set up by the attackers in an Enterprise's network. The attacker captures packets in the existing wireless LAN (WLAN) and finds the SSID and security keys (by cracking). Then the attacker sets up his own AP using the same SSID and security keys. The network clients unknowingly use this AP and the attacker captures their usernames and passwords. This can help the attacker to intrude the security and have access to the Enterprise data. Answer: A, C are incorrect. The WLAN software such as NetStumbler, Kismet, or MacStumbler can search rogue access points even when the victim is using data encryption. However, these tools cannot determine the rogue access point even when it is attached to a wired network.

Hyena supports the following group management functions: Full group administration such as add, modify, delete, and copy Rename groups Copy groups from one computer to another View both direct and indirect (nested) group members for one or more groups [only for Active Directory] View all group members, including for multiple groups/entire domain [only for Active Directory] Answer: D is incorrect. All group members can neither be viewed nor managed until the new server is linked to Active Directory.

In Unix, the ls command is used to view the directories in alphabetical order. Answer: A is incorrect. In Unix, the cat command in Unix is used to create or display short files. Answer: B is incorrect. In Unix, the chmod command is used to change permissions. Answer: C is incorrect. In Unix, the cp command is used for copying files.

Packet filtering firewalls work on the first three layers of the OSI reference model, which means all the work is done between the network and physical layers. When a packet originates from the sender and filters through a firewall, the device checks for matches to any of the packet filtering rules that are configured in the firewall and drops or rejects the packet accordingly. In a software firewall, packet filtering is done by a program called a packet filter. The packet filter examines the header of each packet based on a specific set of rules, and on that basis, decides to prevent it from passing (called DROP) or allow it to pass (called ACCEPT). A packet filter passes or blocks packets at a network interface based on source and destination addresses, ports, or protocols. The process is used in conjunction with packet mangling and Network Address Translation (NAT). Packet filtering is often part of a firewall program for protecting a local network from unwanted intrusion. This type of firewall can be best used for network perimeter security. Answer: B is incorrect. An Intrusion detection system (IDS) is software and/or hardware designed to detect unwanted attempts at accessing, manipulating, and/or disabling of computer systems, mainly through a network, such as the Internet. These attempts may take the form of attacks, as examples, by crackers, malware and/or disgruntled employees. An IDS cannot directly detect attacks within properly encrypted traffic. An intrusion detection system is used to detect several types of malicious behaviors that can compromise the security and trust of a computer system. This includes network attacks against vulnerable services, data driven attacks on applications, host based attacks such as privilege escalation, unauthorized logins and access to sensitive files, and malware (viruses, trojan horses, and worms). Answer: A is incorrect. A proxy server exists between a client's Web-browsing program and a real Internet server. The purpose of the proxy server is to enhance the performance of user requests and filter requests. A proxy server has a database called cache where the most frequently accessed Web pages are stored. The next time such pages are requested, the proxy server is able to suffice the request locally, thereby greatly reducing the access time. Only when a proxy server is unable to fulfill a request locally does it forward the request to a real Internet server. The proxy server can also be used for filtering user requests. This may be done in order to prevent the users from visiting non-genuine sites. Answer: D is incorrect. A honeypot is a term in computer terminology used for a trap that is set to detect, deflect, or in some manner counteract attempts at unauthorized use of information systems. Generally it consists of a computer, data, or a network site that appears to be part of a network, but is actually isolated, and monitored, and which seems to contain information or a resource of value to attackers.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol used to transmit private documents via the Internet. SSL uses a combination of public key and symmetric encryption to provide communication privacy, authentication, and message integrity. Using the SSL protocol, clients and servers can communicate in a way that prevents eavesdropping and tampering of data on the Internet. Many Web sites use the SSL protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with https: instead of http:. By default, SSL uses port 443 for secured communication. For a SSL connection between a Web browser and Web server, you must enter https, for example, " ", instead of http as the protocol type in the URL. This will instruct the Web browser to use a different port for communication. SSL uses TCP port 443 for communication.

SSL and TLS protocols are used to provide secure communication between a client and a server over the Internet.

John can use the UserInfo, PsFile, and PsPasswd tools in the enumeration phase. UserInfo is a utility that retrieves all available information about any known user from any Windows 2000/NT operating system (accessible by TCP port 139). UserInfo returns mainly the following information: SID and Primary group Logon restrictions and smart card requirements Special group Password expiration Note: UserInfo works as a NULL user even if the RestrictedAnonymous value in the LSA key is set to 1 to specifically deny anonymous enumeration. PsFile is a command-line utility that shows a list of files on a system that are opened remotely. It also allows a user to close opened files either by name or by a file identifier. The command syntax for PsFile is as follows: psfile [\\RemoteComputer [-u Username [-p Password]]] [Id | path] [-c] -u specifies the optional user name for logging in to a remote computer. -p specifies a password for a user name. If this is omitted, the user is prompted to enter the password without it being echoed to the screen. Id is the identifier of the file about which the user wants to display information. -c closes the files identifed by the ID or path. PsPasswd is a tool that helps Network Administrators change an account password on the local or remote system. The command syntax of PsPasswd is as follows: pspasswd [\\computer[,computer[,..] | @file [-u user [-p psswd]] Username [NewPassword]

The hard or soft NFS mount options are used to specify whether a program using a file via an NFS connection should stop and wait (hard) for the server to come back online, if the host serving the exported file system is unavailable, or if it should report an error. Answer: A is incorrect. The intr NFS mount option allows NFS requests to be interrupted if the server goes down or cannot be reached. Answer: C is incorrect. The nfsvers=2 or nfsvers=3 NFS mount options are used to specify which version of the NFS protocol to use. Answer: D is incorrect. The fsid=num NFS mount option forces the file handle and file attributes settings on the wire to be num.

You will use the tee command to write its content to standard output and simultaneously copy it into the specified file. The tee command is used to split the output of a program so that it can be seen on the display and also be saved in a file. It can also be used to capture intermediate output before the data is altered by another command or program. The tee command reads standard input, then writes its content to standard output, and simultaneously copies it into the specified file(s) or variables. The syntax of the tee command is as follows: tee [-a] [-i] [File] where, the -a option appends the output to the end of File instead of writing over it and the -i option is used to ignore interrupts. Answer: A is incorrect. The concatenate (cat) command is used to display or print the contents of a file. Syntax: cat filename For example, the following command will display the contents of the /var/log/dmesg file: cat /var/log/dmesg Note: The more command is used in conjunction with the cat command to prevent scrolling of the screen while displaying the contents of a file. Answer: C is incorrect. The less command is used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file, one screen at a time. It is similar to the more command. However, it has the extended capability of allowing both forwarB, Dackward navigation through the file. Unlike most Unix text editors/viewers, less does not need to read the entire file before starting; therefore, it has faster load times with large files. The command syntax of the less command is as follows: less [options] file_name Where,

C:\Documents and Settings\user-nwz\Desktop\1.JPG

Answer: B is incorrect. The more command is used to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file on the terminal screen at a time. The syntax of the more command is as follows: more [options] file_name Where,

C:\Documents and Settings\user-nwz\Desktop\1.JPG

According to the scenario, you have enabled system message logging (syslog) service on all the routers that are currently working in the network. If you want to store all the repots, important error and notification messages sent by the routers, you can store all of these in the buffer, console, syslog server, and tty lines. You can use buffer, if you want to store syslog messages for later analysis of the network. Buffer is the memory of the router. The syslog messages that you have stored in the buffer are later available for the network analysis until the router is rebooted. You can use console port of the routers to send syslog messages to the attached terminal. You can also use vty and tty lines to send syslog messages to the remote terminal. However, the messages send through the console, vty, and tty lines are not later available for network analysis. You can use syslog server to store all the reports, and important error and notification messages. It is the best option to store all these because it is easy to configure a syslog server and you can store a large volume of logs. Note: If you have configured to run an SNMP agent, the routers send all the reports, and important error and messages in the form of SNMP traps to an SNMP server. Using this you can store the reports and messages for a long period of time. Answer: A is incorrect. You cannot store syslog messages in the auxiliary line.

The routing algorithm uses certain variables to create a metric of a path. It is the metric that is actually used for path determination. Variables that are used to create a metric of a path are as follows: Hop count: It is the total number of routers that a data packet goes through to reach its destination. Cost: It is determined by the administrator or calculated by the router. Bandwidth: It is defined as the bandwidth that the link provides. Maximum transmission unit (MTU): It is the largest message size that a link can route. Load: It states the amount of work the CPU has to perform and the number of packets the CPU needs to analyze and make calculations on.

The two most common Web Application TCP ports are Port 443 and Port 80. HTTPS or SSL uses TCP port 443, whereas HTTP uses TCP Port 80. Answer: B is incorrect. Port 80 is used for HTTP, not HTTPS. Answer: A is incorrect. S-HTTP is not the protocol name for Port 443. HTTPS or SSL is the name used for Port 443 traffic.

Durability is the attribute of ACID which confirms that the committed data will be saved by the system such that, even in the event of a failure or system restart, the data will be available in its correct state. Answer: B is incorrect. Atomicity is the attribute of ACID which confirms that, in a transaction involving two or more discrete pieces of information, either all of the pieces are committed or none are. Answer: D is incorrect. Consistency is the attribute of ACID which confirms that a transaction either creates a new and valid state of data, or, if any failure occurs, returns all data to its state before the transaction was started. Answer: C is incorrect. Isolation is the attribute of ACID which confirms that a transaction in process and not yet committed must remain isolated from any other transaction.

NetStumbler, a war driving tool, uses an organizationally unique identifier (OID) of 0x00601A, D protocol identifier (PID) of 0x0001. Each version has a typical payload string. For example, NetStumbler 3.2.3 has a payload string: 'All your 802.11b are belong to us'. Therefore, when you see the OID and PID values, you discover that the attacker is using NetStumbler, and when you see the payload string, you are able to ascertain that the attacker is using NetStumbler 3.2.3.

The IDLE scan is initiated with the IP address of a third party. Hence, it becomes a stealth scan. Since the IDLE scan uses the IP address of a third party, it becomes quite impossible to detect the hacker. Answer: B is incorrect. The RPC (Remote Procedure Call) scan is used to find the RPC applications. After getting the RPC application port with the help of another port scanner, RPC port scanner sends a null RPC packet to all the RPC service ports, which are open into the target system. Answer: A is incorrect. In UDP port scanning, a UDP packet is sent to each port of the target system. If the remote port is closed, the server replies that the remote port is unreachable. If the remote Port is open, no such error is generated. Many firewalls block the TCP port scanning, at that time the UDP port scanning may be useful. Certain IDS and firewalls can detect UDP port scanning easily. Answer: D is incorrect. TCP SYN scanning is also known as half-open scanning because in this a full TCP connection is never opened. The steps of TCP SYN scanning are as follows:

1. The attacker sends SYN packet to the target port.

2. If the port is open, the attacker receives SYN/ACK message.

3. Now the attacker breaks the connection by sending an RST packet.

4. If the RST packet is received, it indicates that the port is closed. This type of scanning is hard to trace because the attacker never establishes a full 3-way handshake connection and most sites do not create a log of incomplete TCP connections.

SQL buffer stores the most recently used SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. It does not store the SQL* Plus commands. The SQL buffer can be edited or saved to a file. A SQL command or a PL/SQL block can be executed by entering a semicolon (;) or a slash (/), or by using the RUN command at the command prompt. When a semicolon (;) is entered at the end of a command, the command is completed and executed. When a slash (/) is entered on a new line, the command in the buffer is executed. It can also be used to execute a PL/SQL block. The RUN command is used to execute a command in the buffer. A SQL command can be saved in the buffer by entering a blank line. Reference: Oracle8i Online Documentation, Contents: "SQL*PLUS Users Guide and Reference", "Learning SQL*PLUS Basics, 3 of 4"

Except for the HttpSessionActivationListener and the HttpSessionBindingListener, all other listeners must be configured in the deployment descriptor.

HttpSessionBindingListener has methods that notify the object when it is added to or removed from a session. It has methods that informs the attributes when the session is about to be activated or passivated. These methods are related to the attributes and not to the complete session. Hence, the container takes care of them and need not be configured in the deployment descriptor.

The date command with the %M specifier prints the current time (Minutes). Since the output is redirected towards the date.txt file, the current time (Minutes) will be printed in the date.txt file.

If a switch has the ability to enable port security, this will help to protect network from both the MAC Flood and MAC Spoofing attacks. Answer: D is incorrect. Quality of Service (QoS) feature is useful for prioritizing VOIP traffic. Switches are offering the ability to assign a device a Quality of Service (QoS) value or a rate limiting value based on the RADIUS response. Answer: A is incorrect. Multi-Authentication feature is used to allow multiple devices to use a single port. Answer: C is incorrect. MAC Authentication Bypass feature is used to allow the RADIUS server to specify the default VLAN/ACL for every device that doesn't authenticate by 802.1X.

In order to fulfill the requirements, you should use the following set of commands: RouterA(config)#service password-encryption RouterA(config)#username cisco password PaS$w0Rd RouterA(config)#enable secret n56e&$te RouterA(config)#line vty 0 4 RouterA(config-line)#login local Answer: D is incorrect. This configuration does not apply password encryption correctly. The command service enable-password- encryption is incorrect. The correct command is service password-encryption. Answer: A is incorrect. This configuration applies the login command to the VTY lines. This would require the password to be set at the VTY Line 0 4 level. This effectively will not configure user-level access for the VTY lines. Answer: B is incorrect. The enable password command is obsolete and considered insecure. The proper command is enable secret followed by the password value.

The Digest Authentication scheme is a replacement of the Basic Authentication scheme. This authentication scheme is based on the challenge response model. In Digest authentication, the password is never sent across the network in clear text format but is always transmitted as an MD5 digest of the user's password. In this way, the password cannot be determined with the help of a sniffer.

How does it work? In this authentication scheme, an optional header allows the server to specify the algorithm used to create the checksum or digest (by default, the MD5 algorithm). The Digest Authentication scheme provides the challenge using a randomly chosen value. This randomly chosen value is a server-specified data string which may be uniquely generated each time a 401 response is made. A valid response contains a checksum (by default, the MD5 checksum) of the username, the password, the given random value, the HTTP method, and the requested URL. In this way, the password is never sent in clear text format. Drawback: Although the password is not sent in clear text format, an attacker can gain access with the help of the digested password, since the digested password is really all the information needed to access the web site. Answer: B, C, D are incorrect. These statements are true about the Basic Authentication scheme.

Since John wants to use the variable VAR1 as an environmental variable, he will use the export command to accomplish the task.

NetStumbler is a Windows-based tool that is used for the detection of wireless LANs using the IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g standards. The main features of NetStumbler are as follows: It displays the signal strength of a wireless network, MAC address, SSID, channel details, etc. It is commonly used for the following purposes: a.War driving b.Detecting unauthorized access points c.Detecting causes of interference on a WLAN d.WEP ICV error tracking e.Making Graphs and Alarms on 802.11 Data, including Signal Strength

Answer: D is incorrect. Kismet is an IEEE 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. Answer: A is incorrect. THC-Scan is a war-dialing tool. Answer: C is incorrect. Absinthe is an automated SQL injection tool.

The following are the purposes of audit records on an information system: Troubleshooting Investigation An IT audit is the process of collecting and evaluating records of an organization's information systems, practices, and operations. The evaluation of records provides evidence to determine if the information systems are safeguarding assets, maintaining data integrity, and operating effectively and efficiently enough to achieve the organization's goals or objectives. These reviews may be performed in conjunction with a financial statement audit, internal audit, or other form of attestation engagement. Audit records are also used to troubleshoot system issues. Answer: A, B are incorrect. The audit records cannot be used for backup and upgradation purposes.

A cold backup site takes the longest recovery time. It is the most inexpensive type of backup site for an organization to operate. It does not include backed up copies of data and information from the original location of the organization, nor does it include hardware already set up. The lack of hardware contributes to the minimal startup costs of the cold site, but requires additional time following the disaster to have the operation running at a capacity close to that prior to the disaster. Answer: D is incorrect. A hot site is a duplicate of the original site of the organization, with full computer systems as well as near- complete backups of user data. Real time synchronization between the two sites may be used to completely mirror the data environment of the original site using wide area network links and specialized software. Ideally, a hot site will be up and running within a matter of hours or even less. Answer: A is incorrect. Although a mobile backup site provides rapid recovery, it does not provide full recovery in time. Hence, a hot site takes the shortest recovery time. Answer: B is incorrect. A warm site is, quite logically, a compromise between hot and cold. These sites will have hardware and connectivity already established, though on a smaller scale than the original production site or even a hot site. Warm sites will have backups on hand, but they may not be complete and may be between several days and a week old. An example would be backup tapes sent to the warm site by courier.

Static routing is a data communication concept that describes a way to configure path selection of routers in computer networks. This is achieved by manually adding routes to the routing table. However, when there is a change in the network or a failure occurs between two statically defined nodes, traffic will not be rerouted. Static routing is beneficial in many ways: Precise control over the routes that a packet will take across the network Reduced load on the routers, as no complex routing calculations are required Reduced bandwidth use, as there is no excessive router traffic. Easy to configure in small networks Answer: A is incorrect. This is a property of a dynamic route. A static route cannot choose the best path. It can only choose the paths that are manually entered. When there is a change in the network or a failure occurs between two statically defined nodes, traffic will not be rerouted.

Microsoft Passport authentication is based on single sign-on authentication in which a user needs to remember only one username and password to be authenticated for multiple services. The Passport is a suite of services for authenticating users across a number of applications. The Passport single sign-on service is an authentication service allowing users to create a single set of credentials that will enable them to sign in to any participating site that supports the Passport service. It enables the use of one set of credentials to access any Passport-enabled site such as MSN, Hotmail, and MSN Messenger.

System hardening is a term used for securing an operating system. It can be achieved by installing the latest service packs, removing unused protocols and services, and limiting the number of users with administrative privileges.

Whenever the risk is transferred to someone else, it is an example of transference risk response. Transference usually has a fee attached to the service provider that will own the risk event.