ECCouncil 212-82 Certified Cybersecurity Technician Exam Practice Test

HIPPA/PHI is the regulation that is mostly violated in the above scenario. HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) is a US federal law that sets standards for protecting the privacy and security of health information. PHI (Protected Health Information) is any information that relates to the health or health care of an individual and that can identify the individual, such as name, address, medical records, etc. HIPPA/PHI requires covered entities, such as health care providers, health plans, or health care clearinghouses, and their business associates, to safeguard PHI from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure . In the scenario, the medical company experienced a major cyber security breach that exposed the personal medical records of many patients on the internet, which violates HIPPA/PHI regulations. PII (Personally Identifiable Information) is any information that can be used to identify a specific individual, such as name, address, social security number, etc. PII is not specific to health information and can be regulated by various laws, such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act), etc. PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) is a set of standards that applies to entities that store, process, or transmit payment card information, such as merchants, service providers, or payment processors. PCI DSS requires them to protect cardholder data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. ISO 2002 (International Organization for Standardization 2002) is not a regulation, but a standard for information security management systems that provides guidelines and best practices for organizations to manage their information security risks. 

 It identifies the type of physical lock used by the organization in the above scenario. A physical lock is a device that prevents unauthorized access to a door, gate, cabinet, or other enclosure by using a mechanism that requires a key, code, or biometric factor to open or close it. There are different types of physical locks, such as:

• Combination lock: This type of lock requires typing a sequence of numbers and letters by using a rotating dial that intermingles with several other rotating discs. This type of lock is suitable for securing safes, lockers, or cabinets that store valuable items or documents.
• Digital lock: This type of lock requires entering a numeric or alphanumeric code by using a keypad or touchscreen. This type of lock is suitable for securing doors or gates that require frequent access or multiple users.
• Mechanical lock: This type of lock requires inserting and turning a metal key that matches the shape and size of the lock. This type of lock is suitable for securing doors or gates that require simple and reliable access or single users.
• Electromagnetic lock: This type of lock requires applying an electric current to a magnet that attracts a metal plate attached to the door or gate. This type of lock is suitable for securing doors or gates that require remote control or integration with other security systems.

In the above scenario, the organization used a combination lock that requires typing a sequence of numbers and letters by using a rotating dial that intermingles with several other rotating discs. Option A is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of physical lock used by the organization in the above scenario. A digital lock requires entering a numeric or alphanumeric code by using a keypad or touchscreen. In the above scenario, the organization did not use a digital lock, but a combination lock. Option C is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of physical lock used by the organization in the above scenario. A mechanical lock requires inserting and turning a metal key that matches the shape and size of the lock. In the above scenario, the organization did not use a mechanical lock, but a combination lock. Option D is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of physical lock used by the organization in the above scenario. An electromagnetic lock requires applying an electric current to a magnet that attracts a metal plate attached to the door or gate. In the above scenario, the organization did not use an electromagnetic lock, but a combination lock. References: , Section 7.2

Group-based account is the type of account created by Giovanni in this scenario. An account is a set of credentials, such as a username and a password, that allows a user to access a system or network. An account can have different types based on its purpose or usage. A group-based account is a type of account that allows multiple users to access a system or network with the same credentials and permissions. A group-based account can be used to simplify the management of users and resources by assigning them to groups based on their roles or functions. In the scenario, Giovanni was tasked with configuring permissions for employees working on a new project. His organization used active directories (ADs) to grant/deny permissions to resources. Giovanni created a folder for AD users with the required permissions and added all employees working on the new project in it. This means that he created a group-based account for those employees. A third-party account is a type of account that allows an external entity or service to access a system or network with limited permissions or scope. A shared account is a type of account that allows multiple users to access a system or network with the same credentials but different permissions. An application account is a type of account that allows an application or software to access a system or network with specific permissions or functions.

Admissible is the rule of evidence discussed in the above scenario. A rule of evidence is a criterion or principle that determines whether a piece of evidence can be used in a legal proceeding or investigation. Admissible is a rule of evidence that states that the evidence must be relevant, reliable, authentic, and understandable to be accepted by a court or a jury . Admissible also means that the evidence must be obtained legally and ethically, without violating any laws or rights. In the scenario, Kason has documented all the supporting documents, including source of the evidence and its relevance to the case, before presenting it in front of the jury, which means that he has followed the admissible rule of evidence. Authentic is a rule of evidence that states that the evidence must be original or verifiable as genuine and not altered or tampered with. Understandable is a rule of evidence that states that the evidence must be clear and comprehensible to the court or jury and not ambiguous or confusing. Reliable is a rule of evidence that states that the evidence must be consistent and trustworthy and not based on hearsay or speculation.

Quantum cryptography is the encryption mechanism demonstrated in the above scenario. Quantum cryptography is a branch of cryptography that uses quantum physics to secure data transmission and communication. Quantum cryptography encrypts data by using a sequence of photons that have a spinning trait, called polarization, while traveling from one end to another. These photons keep changing their shapes, called states, during their course through filters: vertical, horizontal, forward slash, and backslash. Quantum cryptography ensures that any attempt to intercept or tamper with the data will alter the quantum states of the photons and be detected by the sender and receiver . Homomorphic encryption is a type of encryption that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first. Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) encryption is a type of asymmetric encryption that uses two keys, public and private, to encrypt and decrypt data. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a type of asymmetric encryption that uses mathematical curves to generate keys and perform encryption and decryption.

Lightweight cryptography is an algorithm that is designed for low-complexity applications such as RFID tags, sensor-based applications, and other IoT-based applications. Lightweight cryptography uses less power and resources without compromising device security. Lightweight cryptography can be implemented using symmetric-key algorithms, asymmetric-key algorithms, or hash functions1.

References: Lightweight Cryptography

 Turn the device ON if it is OFF, do not leave the device as it is if it is ON, and make sure that the device is charged are some of the points that Shawn must follow while preserving the digital evidence in the above scenario. Digital evidence is any information or data stored or transmitted in digital form that can be used in a legal proceeding or investigation. Digital evidence can be found on various devices, such as computers, mobile phones, tablets, etc. Preserving digital evidence is a crucial step in forensic investigation that involves protecting and maintaining the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence from any alteration or damage. Some of the points that Shawn must follow while preserving digital evidence are:

• Turn the device ON if it is OFF: If the device is OFF, Shawn must turn it ON to prevent any data loss or encryption that may occur when the device is powered off. Shawn must also document any password or PIN required to unlock or access the device.
• Do not leave the device as it is if it is ON: If the device is ON, Shawn must not leave it as it is or use it for any purpose other than preserving digital evidence. Shawn must also disable any network connections or communication features on the device, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular data, etc., to prevent any remote access or deletion of data by unauthorized parties.
• Make sure that the device is charged: Shawn must ensure that the device has enough battery power to prevent any data loss or corruption that may occur due to sudden shutdown or low battery. Shawn must also use a write blocker or a Faraday bag to isolate the device from any external interference or signals.

Never record the screen display of the device is not a point that Shawn must follow while preserving digital evidence. On contrary, Shawn should record or photograph the screen display of the device to capture any relevant information or messages that may appear on the screen. Recording or photographing the screen display of the device can also help document any changes or actions performed on the device during preservation. 

WPA3 encryption is the type of wireless encryption used by the security solution employed by Matias in the above scenario. WPA3 encryption is the latest and most secure version of Wi-Fi Protected Access, a protocol that provides authentication and encryption for wireless networks. WPA3 encryption uses 256-bit Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP-256) to maintain the authenticity and confidentiality of data. WPA3 encryption also provides enhanced protection against offline dictionary attacks, forward secrecy, and secure public Wi-Fi access . WPA2 encryption is the previous version of Wi-Fi Protected Access, which uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) for data encryption. WEP encryption is an outdated and insecure version of Wi-Fi security, which uses RC4 stream cipher for data encryption. WPA encryption is an intermediate version of Wi-Fi security, which uses TKIP for data encryption.

bob1@sam is the file’s content as the answer. To find the machine with SSH service enabled, one can use a network scanning tool such as Nmap to scan the network for port 22, which is the default port for SSH. For example, the command nmap -p 22 192.168.0.0/24 will scan the network range 192.168.0.0/24 for port 22 and display the results2. To initiate an SSH connection to the machine, one can use a command-line tool such as ssh or an SSH client such as PuTTY to connect to the machine using the credentials sam/admin@123. For example, the command ssh sam@192.168.0.10 will connect to the machine with IP address 192.168.0.10 using the username sam and prompt for the password admin@1233. To find the file flag.txt in the machine, one can use a file searching tool such as find or locate to search for the file name in the machine’s file system. For example, the command find / -name flag.txt will search for the file flag.txt from the root directory (/) and display its location4. To enter the file’s content as the answer, one can use a file viewing tool such as cat or less to display the content of the file flag.txt. For example, the command cat /home/sam/flag.txt will display the content of the file flag.txt located in /home/sam/ directory5. The screenshot below shows an example of performing these steps: ![Screenshot of performing these steps] References: Nmap Tutorial, SSH Tutorial, Find Command Tutorial, Cat Command Tutorial, [Screenshot of performing these steps]

 Risk and impact analysis is the threat-modeling step in which Martin evaluated the severity level of the threat in the above scenario. Threat modeling is a process that involves identifying, analyzing, and mitigating threats and risks to a system or network. Threat modeling can be used to improve the security and resilience of a system or network by applying various methods or techniques, such as STRIDE, DREAD, PASTA, etc. Threat modeling consists of various steps or phases that perform different tasks or roles. Risk and impact analysis is a threat-modeling step that involves assessing the likelihood and consequences of threats and risks to a system or network . Risk and impact analysis can be used to evaluate the severity level of threats and risks and prioritize them for mitigation . In the scenario, Martin received breaching alerts for an application. He identified that a vulnerability in the application allowed attackers to enter malicious input. Martin evaluated the threat severity and extent of damage that could be caused by this vulnerability. He then escalated the issue to the security management team to determine appropriate mitigation strategies. This means that he performed risk and impact analysis for this purpose. Identify vulnerabilities is a threat-modeling step that involves finding and documenting the weaknesses or flaws in a system or network that can be exploited by threats or risks . Application overview is a threat-modeling step that involves defining and understanding the scope, architecture, components, and functionality of a system or network . Decompose the application is a threat-modeling step that involves breaking down a system or network into smaller and simpler elements, such as data flows, processes, assets, etc.

Managing and maintaining is the phase of firewall implementation and deployment in which Elliott monitored the firewall logs in the above scenario. A firewall is a system or device that controls and filters the incoming and outgoing traffic between different networks or systems based on predefined rules or policies. A firewall can be used to protect a network or system from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction . Firewall implementation and deployment is a process that involves planning, installing, configuring, testing, managing, and maintaining firewalls in a network or system . Managing and maintaining is the phase of firewall implementation and deployment that involves monitoring and reviewing the performance and effectiveness of firewalls over time . Managing and maintaining can include tasks such as updating firewall rules or policies, analyzing firewall logs , detecting evolving threats or attacks , ensuring firewall security , addressing network issues , etc. In the scenario, Elliott was tasked with implementing and deploying firewalls in the corporate network of an organization. After planning and deploying firewalls in the network, Elliott monitored the firewall logs to detect evolving threats and attacks; this helped in ensuring firewall security and addressing network issues beforehand. This means that he performed managing and maintaining phase for this purpose. Deploying is the phase of firewall implementation and deployment that involves installing and activating firewalls in the network or system according to the plan. Testing is the phase of firewall implementation and deployment that involves verifying and validating the functionality and security of firewalls before putting them into operation. Configuring is the phase of firewall implementation and deployment that involves setting up and customizing firewalls according to the requirements and specifications.

Wireless repeater is the network component employed by the administrator to extend signals in this scenario. A wireless network is a type of network that uses radio waves or infrared signals to transmit data between devices without using cables or wires. A wireless network can consist of various components, such as wireless access points (APs), wireless routers, wireless adapters, wireless bridges, wireless repeaters, etc. A wireless repeater is a network component that extends the range or coverage of a wireless signal by receiving it from an AP or another repeater and retransmitting it to another area . A wireless repeater can be used to support new devices connected to the network beyond the AP’s range . In the scenario, a startup firm contains various devices connected to a wireless network across the floor. An AP with internet connectivity is placed in a corner to allow wireless communication between devices. To support new devices connected to the network beyond the AP’s range, an administrator used a network component that extended the signals of the wireless AP and transmitted it to the uncovered area. This means that he used a wireless repeater for this purpose. A wireless bridge is a network component that connects two or more wired or wireless networks or segments together . A wireless bridge can be used to expand the network or share resources between networks . A wireless modem is a network component that modulates and demodulates wireless signals to enable data transmission over a network . A wireless modem can be used to provide internet access to devices via a cellular network or a satellite network . A wireless router is a network component that performs the functions of both a wireless AP and a router . A wireless router can be used to create a wireless network and connect it to another network, such as the internet

Temp_High is the command that was sent by the IoT device over the network in the above scenario. An IoT (Internet of Things) device is a device that can connect to the internet and communicate with other devices or systems over a network. An IoT device can send or receive commands or data for various purposes, such as monitoring, controlling, or automating processes. To analyze the IoT device traffic file and determine the command that was sent by the IoT device over the network, one has to follow these steps:

• Navigate to the Documents folder of Attacker-1 machine.
• Double-click on loTdeviceTraffic.pcapng file to open it with Wireshark.
• Click on Analyze menu and select Display Filters option.
• Enter udp.port == 5000 as filter expression and click on Apply button.
• Observe the packets filtered by the expression.
• Click on packet number 4 and expand User Datagram Protocol section in packet details pane.
• Observe the data field under User Datagram Protocol section.

The data field under User Datagram Protocol section is 54:65:6d:70:5f:48:69:67:68 , which is hexadecimal representation of Temp_High , which is the command that was sent by the IoT device over the network. 

TCP/UDP is the protocol that has been used to apply the rule to block the web application in the above scenario. pfSense is a firewall and router software that can be installed on a computer or a device to protect a network from various threats and attacks. pfSense can be configured to block or allow traffic based on various criteria, such as source, destination, port, protocol, etc. pfSense rules are applied to traffic in the order they appear in the firewall configuration . To perform an analysis on the rules set by the admin, one has to follow these steps:

• Open a web browser and type 20.20.10.26
• Press Enter key to access the pfSense web interface.
• Enter admin as username and admin@l23 as password.
• Click on Login button.
• Click on Firewall menu and select Rules option.
• Click on LAN tab and observe the rules applied to LAN interface.

The rules applied to LAN interface are:

The first rule blocks any traffic from LAN interface to website using TCP/UDP protocol. The second rule allows any traffic from LAN interface to any destination using any protocol. Since the first rule appears before the second rule, it has higher priority and will be applied first. Therefore, TCP/UDP is the protocol that has been used to apply the rule to block the web application POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is a protocol that allows downloading emails from a mail server to a client device. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol that allows transferring files between a client and a server over a network. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a protocol that resolves IP addresses to MAC (Media Access Control) addresses on a network. 

Recovery is the business continuity and disaster recovery activity that Kasen performed in the above scenario. Business continuity and disaster recovery (BCDR) is a process that involves planning, preparing, and implementing various activities to ensure the continuity of critical business functions and the recovery of essential resources in the event of a disaster or disruption. BCDR activities can be categorized into four phases: prevention, response, resumption, and recovery . Prevention is the BCDR phase that involves identifying and mitigating potential risks and threats that can cause a disaster or disruption. Response is the BCDR phase that involves activating the BCDR plan and executing the immediate actions to protect people, assets, and operations during a disaster or disruption. Resumption is the BCDR phase that involves restoring the minimum level of services and functions required to resume normal business operations after a disaster or disruption. Recovery is the BCDR phase that involves restoring both the disaster site and the damaged materials to the pre-disaster levels during an incident.

 Type = 12 is the type of ICMP error message received by Jaden in the above scenario. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a protocol that sends error and control messages between network devices. ICMP error messages are categorized by types and codes, which indicate the cause and nature of the error. Type = 12 is the type of ICMP error message that indicates an IP parameter problem, which means that the IP header field contains invalid information . Type = 8 is the type of ICMP message that indicates an echo request, which is used to test the connectivity and reachability of a destination host. Type = 5 is the type of ICMP error message that indicates a redirect, which means that a better route to the destination host is available. Type = 3 is the type of ICMP error message that indicates a destination unreachable, which means that the destination host or network cannot be reached. 

 The correct answer is B, as it identifies the type of attack performed by Thomas in the above scenario. Eavesdropping is a type of attack that involves intercepting and listening to the communication between two parties without their knowledge or consent. Thomas performed eavesdropping by sniffing communication between the administrator and an application server to retrieve the admin credentials. Option A is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of attack performed by Thomas in the above scenario. Vishing is a type of attack that involves using voice calls to trick people into revealing sensitive information or performing malicious actions. Thomas did not use voice calls but sniffed network traffic. Option C is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of attack performed by Thomas in the above scenario. Phishing is a type of attack that involves sending fraudulent emails or messages that appear to be from legitimate sources to lure people into revealing sensitive information or performing malicious actions. Thomas did not send any emails or messages but sniffed network traffic. Option D is incorrect, as it does not identify the type of attack performed by Thomas in the above scenario. Dumpster diving is a type of attack that involves searching through trash or discarded items to find valuable information or resources. Thomas did not search through trash or discarded items but sniffed network traffic.

References: Section 2.2

Permissive policy is the type of Internet access policy implemented by George in this scenario. An Internet access policy is a policy that defines the rules and guidelines for accessing the Internet from a system or network. An Internet access policy can be based on various factors, such as security, productivity, bandwidth, etc. An Internet access policy can have different types based on its level of restriction or control. A permissive policy is a type of Internet access policy that allows users to access any site, download any application, and access any computer or network without any restrictions. A permissive policy can be used to provide maximum flexibility and freedom to users, but it can also pose significant security risks and challenges. In the scenario, George implemented an Internet access policy that allowed employees working from a remote location to access any site, download any application, and access any computer or network without any restrictions. This means that he implemented a permissive policy for those employees. A paranoid policy is a type of Internet access policy that blocks or denies all Internet access by default and only allows specific sites, applications, or computers that are explicitly authorized. A prudent policy is a type of Internet access policy that allows most Internet access but blocks or restricts some sites, applications, or computers that are deemed inappropriate, malicious, or unnecessary. A promiscuous policy is not a type of Internet access policy, but a term that describes a network mode that allows a network interface card (NIC) to capture all packets on a network segment, regardless of their destination address. 

WEP is the type of wireless encryption employed by Charlie in the above scenario. Wireless encryption is a technique that involves encoding or scrambling the data transmitted over a wireless network to prevent unauthorized access or interception. Wireless encryption can use various algorithms or protocols to encrypt and decrypt the data, such as WEP, WPA, WPA2, etc. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is a type of wireless encryption that uses the RC4 algorithm to encrypt information in the data link layer . WEP can be used to provide basic security and privacy for wireless networks, but it can also be easily cracked or compromised by various attacks . In the scenario, Charlie, a security professional in an organization, noticed unauthorized access and eavesdropping on the WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). To thwart such attempts, Charlie employed an encryption mechanism that used the RC4 algorithm to encrypt information in the data link layer. This means that he employed WEP for this purpose. TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) is a type of wireless encryption that uses the RC4 algorithm to encrypt information in the data link layer with dynamic keys . TKIP can be used to provide enhanced security and compatibility for wireless networks, but it can also be vulnerable to certain attacks . AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a type of wireless encryption that uses the Rijndael algorithm to encrypt information in the data link layer with fixed keys . AES can be used to provide strong security and performance for wireless networks, but it can also require more processing power and resources . CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) is a type of wireless encryption that uses the AES algorithm to encrypt information in the data link layer with dynamic keys . CCMP can be used to provide robust security and reliability for wireless networks, but it can also require more processing power and resources

 FTP Unencrypted Cleartext Login is the vulnerability that may affect the website according to the severity factor in the above scenario. A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in a system or network that can be exploited by an attacker to compromise its security or functionality. A vulnerability assessment is a process that involves identifying, analyzing, and evaluating vulnerabilities in a system or network using various tools and techniques. Greenbone is a tool that can perform vulnerability assessment on various targets using various tests and scans. To perform a vulnerability assessment on the given IP address 20.20.10.26, one has to follow these steps:

• Open a web browser and type 20.20.10.26:9392
• Press Enter key to access the Greenbone web interface.
• Enter admin as username and password as password.
• Click on Login button.
• Click on Scans menu and select Tasks option.
• Click on Start Scan icon next to IP Address Scan task.
• Wait for the scan to complete and click on Report icon next to IP Address Scan task.
• Observe the vulnerabilities found by the scan.

The vulnerabilities found by the scan are:

The vulnerability that may affect the website according to the severity factor is FTP Unencrypted Cleartext Login, which has a medium severity level. FTP Unencrypted Cleartext Login is a vulnerability that allows an attacker to intercept or sniff FTP login credentials that are sent in cleartext over an unencrypted connection. An attacker can use these credentials to access or modify files or data on the FTP server. TCP timestamps and UDP timestamps are vulnerabilities that allow an attacker to estimate the uptime of a system or network by analyzing the timestamp values in TCP or UDP packets. Anonymous FTP Login Reporting is a vulnerability that allows an attacker to access an FTP server anonymously without providing any username or password.

TCP Timestamps is the vulnerability with a severity score of 8.0. This can be verified by performing a vulnerability assessment of the web server located at IP address 20.20.10.26 using the OpenVAS vulnerability scanner, available with the Parrot Security machine, with credentials admin/password. To perform the vulnerability assessment, one can follow these steps:

Launch the Parrot Security machine and open a terminal.

Enter the command sudo openvas-start to start the OpenVAS service and wait for a few minutes until it is ready.

Open a web browser and navigate to to access the OpenVAS web interface.

Enter the credentials admin/password to log in to OpenVAS.

Click on Scans -> Tasks from the left menu and then click on the blue icon with a star to create a new task.

Enter a name and a comment for the task, such as “Web Server Scan”.

Select “Full and fast” as the scan config from the drop-down menu.

Click on the icon with a star next to Target to create a new target.

Enter a name and a comment for the target, such as “Web Server”.

Enter 20.20.10.26 as the host in the text box and click on Save.

Select “Web Server” as the target from the drop-down menu and click on Save.

Click on the green icon with a play button next to the task name to start the scan and wait for it to finish.

Click on the task name to view the scan report and click on Results from the left menu to see the list of vulnerabilities found.

Sort the list by Severity in descending order and look for the vulnerability with a severity score of 8.0. The screenshot below shows an example of performing these steps: The vulnerability with a severity score of 8.0 is TCP Timestamps, which is an option in TCP packets that can be used to measure round-trip time and improve performance, but it can also reveal information about the system’s uptime, clock skew, or TCP sequence numbers, which can be used by attackers to launch various attacks, such as idle scanning, OS fingerprinting, or TCP hijacking1. The vulnerability report provides more details about this vulnerability, such as its description, impact, solution, references, and CVSS score2. References: Screenshot of OpenVAS showing TCP Timestamps vulnerability, TCP Timestamps Vulnerability, Vulnerability Report

Content-based signature analysis is the type of attack signature analysis performed by Anderson in the above scenario. Content-based signature analysis is a technique that analyzes packet header fields such as IP options, IP protocols, IP fragmentation flags, offset, and identification to check whether any fields are altered in transit. Content-based signature analysis can help detect attacks that manipulate packet headers to evade detection or exploit vulnerabilities . Context-based signature analysis is a technique that analyzes packet payloads such as application data or commands to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. Atomic-signature-based analysis is a technique that analyzes individual packets to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. Composite-signature-based analysis is a technique that analyzes multiple packets or sessions to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. 

Attorney is the role played by Dany in the above scenario. Attorney is a member of a forensic team who provides legal advice on conducting the investigation and addresses legal issues involved in the forensic investigation process. Attorney can help with obtaining search warrants, preserving evidence, complying with laws and regulations, and presenting cases in court3. References: Attorney Role in Forensic Investigation

Geofencing is a technique that uses GPS features to determine the proximity of a user’s mobile device to an exact location. Geofencing can be used to create a virtual barrier positioned at a static location to interact with mobile users crossing the barrier. Geofencing can be used for marketing, security, and tracking purposes2.

References: What is Geofencing?

A low-interaction honeypot is a type of honeypot that simulates a real OS as well as the applications and services of a target network, but only responds to pre-configured commands. It is designed to capture basic information about the attacker, such as their IP address, tools, and techniques. A low-interaction honeypot is easier to deploy and maintain than a high-interaction honeypot, which fully emulates a real system and allows the attacker to interact with it. A pure honeypot is a real system that is intentionally vulnerable and exposed to attackers. A medium-interaction honeypot is a type of honeypot that offers more functionality and interactivity than a low-interaction honeypot, but less than a high-interaction honeypot.

Archival media is the type of data that Kaison acquired in the above scenario. Archival media is a type of data that is stored on removable media such as DVD-ROMs, CD-ROMs, tapes, or flash drives. Archival media can be used to backup or transfer data from one system to another. Archival media can be acquired using forensic tools that can read and copy the data from the media4. References: Archival Media

 Anomaly detection is a type of IDS detection method that involves first creating models for possible intrusions and then comparing these models with incoming events to make a detection decision. It can detect unknown or zero-day attacks by looking for deviations from normal or expected behavior

 A true positive alert is generated by an IDS system when it correctly identifies an ongoing intrusion attempt on the network and sends an alert to the security professional. This is the desired outcome of an IDS system, as it indicates that the system is working effectively and accurately

Data in transit is the state of data when it is being processed between the ecommerce website and the payment gateway in the above scenario. Data in transit is data that is moving from one location to another over a network, such as the internet, a LAN, or a WAN. Data in transit can be vulnerable to interception, modification, or theft by unauthorized parties, so it needs to be protected by encryption, authentication, and other security measures . Data at rest is data that is stored on a device or a media, such as a hard drive, a flash drive, or a cloud storage. Data in active is data that is currently being accessed or modified by an application or a user. Data in use is data that is loaded into the memory of a device or a system for processing or computation. 

3 is the number of files present in the folder in the above scenario. A RAT (Remote Access Trojan) is a type of malware that allows an attacker to remotely access and control a compromised system or network. A RAT can be used to steal sensitive data, spy on user activity, execute commands, install other malware, etc. To initiate a remote connection using thief client, one has to follow these steps:

• Navigate to the thief folder located at Z:\CCT-Tools\CCT Module 01 Information Security Threats and Vulnerabilities\Remote Access Trojans (RAT)\Thief of Attacker Machine-1.
• Double-click on thief.exe file to launch thief client.
• Enter 20.20.10.26 as IP address of server.
• Enter 1234 as port number.
• Click on Connect button.
• After establishing connection with server, click on Browse button.
• Navigate to Desktop folder on server.
• Count number of files present in folder.

The number of files present in folder is 3, which are:

• Sensitive corporate docs.docx
• Sensitive corporate docs.pdf
• Sensitive corporate docs.txt